Project Description
Symbitron: Symbiotic man-machine interactions in wearable exoskeletons to enhance mobility for paraplegics
2013-10-01 to 2018-03-31 (ongoing project)
The goal of Symbitron is to enable individuals with paraplegia to regain mobility with a novel lower-limb exoskeleton and a bio-inspired controller. BioRob’s role is to develop and test a neuromuscular controller that can produce various walking gaits with resemblance to human kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activations with few sensors and no pre-defined reference patterns.
Neuromuscular Controller
For real world function, wearable devices to assist gait should be highly responsive to both the user and the environment. Users should also be able to interact with the device in an intuitive manner. This positive shared control between machine and human is especially important for individuals with spinal cord injuries, where active recruitment of their own neuromuscular system could promote motor recovery. Here we demonstrate the capability of a biologically-inspired neuromuscular controller (NMC) and its use in assisting the gait of SCI test pilots.
The NMC was based on a sagittal plane neuromechanical simulation developed by Hartmut Geyer, which generates walking by activating simulated muscle reflex loops stimulated by few sensory imputs. Only the foot contact states and joint angles are needed to activate the simulated reflex loops of the Hill-type muscle models. The stance reflexes loop provides weight bearing support during the stance phase, and the swing reflexes allow the leg to flex and swing freely. The muscle forces generated from the virtual muscle dynamics combine to produce knee and hip torque commands to the gait trainer. The advantages of this controller over other approaches include robustness, modularity, and adaptability. In particular, the controller does not require filtering of its inputs (as with myoelectric control), can be decomposed into relevant modules (e.g. only knee or hip control), and can generate walking at different speeds and on different terrains in simulation.
For implementation on hardware, we developed a NMC Simulink library with control modules that allowed for tailoring to specific exoskeleton devices. So far we have tested the NMC on three different devices. The ankle module was tested on powered ankle exoskeleton Achilles, and the knee and hip modules were tested with gait trainer LOPES (both devices are from UTwente). We are currently testing the ankle and knee module on our new wearable exoskeleton. To provide subject-specific control for the SCI subjects, the NMC modules were designed to provide asymmetric control between the right and left legs, between extension and flexion, and among different muscles.
Tests with Human Subjects
We evaluated our controller with both healthy and paraplegic subjects. The modular nature of our controller enables us to test it on several different types of lower limb assistive devices. We evaluated subjects’ walking kinematics and kinetics, muscle activation levels, and metabolic power when possible.
Ankle Control
We tested the ankle module of the neuromuscular controller with a powered ankle exoskeleton (UTwente’s Achilles) on healthy subjects and paraplegic test plots with some mobility. For the healthy subjects, we evaluated the mechanics and energetics of walking with such a device and controller. This controller was designed to mimic human reflex patterns during locomotion, which we hypothesized would lead to lower energetic costs compared to walking with the added mass of the device only. Preliminary tests found that healthy-like gait patterns remained intact, and metabolic costs were reduced compared to the transparent mode of the device. Muscle activity of the tibialis anterior and soleus were also reduced with the assistive push-off. Please see Dzeladini et al. 2016 under Publications for more information.
Knee and Hip Control
We evaluated the neuromuscular controller on a lower-limb knee and hip robotic gait trainer (UTwente’s LOPES) with seven pilots with paraplegia (four complete, two incomplete) and one healthy subject. We determined that the NMC could enable normal-like walking gait kinematics at various walking speeds. We found that SCI pilots could walk at a range of normal walking speeds– from 0.6 m/s to 1.4 m/s. Despite a few differences between NMC-produced torques and healthy biological torques, the SCI joint kinematics were similar to healthy kinematics. With few sensors and no predefined gait patterns for multiple speeds or different subjects, the NMC could produce various walking patterns based on subject interaction with the environment. Please see Wu et al. 2017 under publications for more information.
WE1: Ankle and Knee Control
Our consortium partners at Delft and UTwente have developed a new ankle and knee wearable exoskeleton. Tests of the NMC with this device on paraplegic pilots are currently ongoing at the Fondazione Santa Lucia, another one of our consortium partners. Since this exoskeleton only actuates the ankle and knee, these pilots already have some volitional control of their hip joint.
WE2: Lower Limb Control (ankle, knee, hip)
Tests of the full lower limb exoskeleton and neurmuscular controller will be conducted in early 2018. These tests will involve paraplegic pilots who do not have volitional control of their hip joints.
Media
- Symbitron_WE1_promo_video.mp4Promotion video for WE1 (knee and ankle actuation) in zero impedance mode
Student Projects
Related student projects:
S. Berger. Energy consumption optimization and stumbling corrective response for bipedal walking gait.
F. Dzeladini. Implementation of a human feedback-based locomotion and its control by means of a feedforward component inspired by central pattern generators
A. di Russo. Biomechanical analysis of slow walking and stepping behavior in healthy subjects on treadmill
Researchers
<!– CORRECTED LINKS: BEGIN (textBox id=”455715″. lang=en. title=People being involved in these projects): –><!– CORRECTED LINKS: END (textBox id=”455715″. lang=en. title=People being involved in these projects). –>
Auke J. Ijspeert, Florin Dzeladini, Amy R. Wu
Publications
À bras-le-corps ! Savants et instruments au Collège de France au XIXe siècle
Paris: Éditions du Collège de France, 2024-04-11.A Closed-Form Pairwise Solution to Local Non-Rigid Structure-from-Motion
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2024.Recent Advances in Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Cell Transplantation Applications.
Pharmaceutics. 2024. Vol. 16, p. 469. DOI : 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040469.Embodied Carbon Premium for Cantilevers
Buildings. 2024. Vol. 14, num. 4, p. 871. DOI : 10.3390/buildings14040871.An image convolution-based method for the irregular stone packing problem in masonry wall construction
European Journal of Operational Research. 2024. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejor.2024.01.037.Discomfort glare from daylight: Influence of transmitted color and the eye’s macular pigment
Bright environments Daylight in Sustainable Building Design, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, August 25, 2023.Variation in Phototopic and Melanopic Lighting in Swiss Offices: A Field Study
2023-09-20. CIE 2023 Conference, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 18-20, 2023.Error estimates for SUPG-stabilised Dynamical Low Rank Approximations
2024.Seasonal asymmetries and long-term trends in atmospheric and ionospheric temperatures in polar regions and their dependence on solar activity (SATS)
2023
« La plus vieille usine du monde ». Socio-histoire de l’incinérateur du Vallon (1958-2005)
2024-03-27
Dataset for “Complexity of crack front geometry enhances toughness of brittle solids”
2024.Coupling of submeso-scale motion with near-surface turbulence over patchy snow cover
28th IUGG General Assembly 2023, Berlin, July 11-20, 2023.Flow and Snow in Complex Terrain: across-scale modelling for a correct surface mass balance
28th IUGG General Assembly 2023, Berlin, July 11-20, 2023.Southward shift in the zero-degree isotherm latitude (ZIL) in the Antarctic Peninsula
28th IUGG General Assembly 2023, Berlin, July 11-20, 2023.Turbulence in the Strongly Heterogeneous Near-Surface Boundary Layer over Patchy Snow
Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 2024. Vol. 190, num. 2, p. 1-28. DOI : 10.1007/s10546-023-00856-4.Atmospheric isoprene measurements reveal larger-than-expected Southern Ocean emissions
Nature Communications. 2024-03-22. Vol. 15, num. 2571. DOI : 10.1038/s41467-024-46744-4.Towards optimal design and control of wind farms
International symposium on offshore wind, Kyushu University, Japan, December 5, 2023.reference image data (primary views) for an office building near LAX
2022.reference radiance model and result data for an office building near LAX
2022.reference data for “A Critical Comparison of Annual Glare Simulation Methods”
2022.Correction to: Evidence of Strong Flux Underestimation by Bulk Parametrizations During Drifting and Blowing Snow
Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 2023. Vol. 188, p. 345. DOI : 10.1007/s10546-023-00809-x.Understanding snow saltation parameterizations: lessons from theory, experiments and numerical simulations
The Cryosphere. 2024. Vol. 18, num. 3, p. 1287-1313. DOI : 10.5194/tc-18-1287-2024.Towards a fully physical representation of snow on Arctic sea ice using a 3D snow-atmosphere model
JGR: Earth Surface. 2023. DOI : 10.22541/essoar.167898493.35163091/v2.Influence of sun cups on surface albedo of wet Alpine snowpack
2024-03-25. EGU23, the 25th EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria and Online, 23-28 April, 2023. DOI : 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14338.Data-driven LPV Disturbance Rejection Control with IQC-based Stability Guarantees for Rate-bounded Scheduling Parameter Variations
2024-12-16. 63rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2024)Milano Congressi (MiCo), Milan, Italy, December 16-19, 2024.Active Voltage Balancing with Seamless Integration into Dual Gate Driver for Series Connection of SiC MOSFETs
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2024. p. 1-5. DOI : 10.1109/TPEL.2024.3380245.Koopman-based Data-driven Robust Control of Nonlinear Systems Using Integral Quadratic Constraints
2024
The Environment, constant or variable?
2024-03-20. Building Future Lecture Series, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, March 20, 2024.Innovations for protecting ridge and reef: a CSR strategy and practice
Natural Resources – Sustainable Targets, Technologies, Lifestyles and Governance; Villigen PSI, World Resources Forum, printed by Paul Scherrer Institute, 2015-10-16. p. 356.Pyrolysis for coffee pulp valorization
Natural Resources – Sustainable Targets, Technologies, Lifestyles and Governance; Villigen PSI, World Resources Forum, printed by Paul Scherrer Institute, 2015-10-16. p. 356.Anaerobic digestion as a technology to optimize the management of municipal organic waste in Colombia
Natural Resources – Sustainable Targets, Technologies, Lifestyles and Governance; Villigen PSI, World Resources Forum, printed by Paul Scherrer Institute, 2015-10-16. p. 356.Pentavalent U reactivity impacts U isotopic fractionation during reduction by magnetite
Environmental Science and Technology. 2024.Mercury Rising: Architecture Beyond Greenwashing
Mercury Rising: Architecture Beyond Greenwashing, Lausanne, Switzerland, 06.03.2023.Temporal Conditional Coding for Dynamic Point Cloud Geometry Compression
2024-03-18. ICASSP 2024 – IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 14-19 April 2024. DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP48485.2024.10446813.Microbial hydrogen sinks in the sand-bentonite backfill material for the deep geological disposal of radioactive waste
Frontiers in Microbiology. 2024. Vol. 15. DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1359677.Tangentially viewing phase contrast imaging for turbulence measurements in toroidal fusion devices
2024. 20th International Symposium on Laser-Aided Plasma Diagnostics, Kyoto, Japan, September 10-14,2023. p. C01046. DOI : 10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/C01046.HEEPocrates: An Ultra-Low-Power RISC-V Microcontroller for Edge-Computing Healthcare Applications
2024-03-10